Thu kheuh hawnna: Tunlai Hmeichhiate, an nihna ang tak a pawm a, an chanvo dik tak an hmuh theih nan hmalatu an pun chhoh mek laia inhnialna ti chhuak fo tu ‘Feminism’ awmzia hi enge ni ber le? Mizote tan hmehbel rem chiahlo leh thianglo ang hiala ngaihna awm fo hi engvang nge? Feminism awmzia kan hriat fuh loh vang emaw a hmanna tur tawk kan hriat loh vang a ni thei angem?
Feminism tih chu enge ni ta le?
Feminism tih hian hmeichhe bik ngawr ngawr a ni lo tih kan hriat hmasak a tha awm e. Hmeichia leh mipa inlaichinna, ram leh khawtlang pum chanchin, hmeichhia nun atanga bih chianna hmanrua pakhat ni. Hmeichhe chungchang bik liau liau pawh lo ni ta sela, kan vaia tan a pawimawh dan a danglam chuang hauh lova. Feminism tih hi thil pakhat mai ni lovin, peng hrang hrang leh kalphung hrang hrang nei a ni. Feminism than chhoh zel dan hi hunbi zawnga sawi dawn chuan; Feminist thawm rik tan tirh (19 century atanga kum zabi 20na tantirh) hi first-wave feminists (Feminist tlipui tleh vawikhatna) tia sawi thin a ni a, kum 1960 hnu lamah, the second-wave feminists (Feminist tlipui tleh vawihnihna) in a chhunzawm a, kan tunlai hun tawng mek hi third-wave feminists (Feminist tlipui tleh vawithumna) ti a vuah a ni.
Tichuan, Feminism chu hlawm lian tak tak pathumah dah hlawk theih a ni; English ho tawngah chuan, Female tih hi hmeichhia tihna emaw thing leh rannung, chi thlah pung tura naupai / tuipai thei sawina a ni. Feminine tih anih chuan, pianphung leh rilru lama hmeichhe ziarang bik sawina a ni. (Oxford Dictionary). Tichuan, heng tawngkam pahnih atang hian feminism tih chu lo kalin, ‘mi tu pawh hmeichhia leh mipa hian “chanvo” thuhmun (equal rights) an nei tur a ni’ tih inzirtirna hi ‘Feminism’ chu a ni. Hetiang ngaihdan neitu leh a taka hmangtu te hi ‘Feminist’ tiin an sawi thin.
A pahnihnaah chuan zir zauna (academic) huang chhungah Feminism tih hi hman thin a ni. Hmeichhiate chanvo humhalh a nih ngei theih nan, hmeichhe nun zia atanga, sakhuana (religion), ei leh bar (economy), ram inrelbawlna (politic) leh khawtlang (social) chanchin zirna bingna hi Feminism tih a ni. Feminist zing bing mi ten hmanlai atanga tunlai hmeichhiate leh a kaihhnawih theih thil zawng zawng uluk takin an zir a, a kalhkim lo apiang an haihlang a, hmeichhia ten an chanvo dik tak an hmuh ve ngei theihna turin rawtna hrang hrang an siam thin a ni. Heng hmeichhe chanchin zirtu zingah, Liberal Feminism, Marxist Feminism, Radical Feminism, Postmodern Feminism, Dissident feminists, Eco-feminism, Socialist Feminism, Feminist theologian etc te bakah (sub) pawl tesep; pop-feminism, spiritual feminism, Amazon feminism, Eco-feminism, Individualist Feminism, French feminism, Gender feminism, equity feminism, cultural feminism etc te hi hriat hlawh ber ber tur te an ni.
A pathumnaah chuan, ram leh khawtlang inrelbawlnaah khawtlang pawl pakhat anga ding thin te an ni. Heng hmeichhe pawlte hi NGO emaw Pressure group an tih thin angin an awm a. National Organization for Women, NARAL Pro-Choice America, Feminist Majority, Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Women living Under Muslim laws, Committee for Asian Women te hi khawvel hmeichhe pawl lian ber ber te an ni. Hmeichhe chanvo humhalh a nih ngei theih nan leh hmeichhiate hmasawn theihna turin atul apiang (sorkar hnena hmeichhe hamthatna ngaihtuah, khawtlanga inzirtirna pek, hmeichhe chan chhe zawk tanpuina pek etc) an thawk thin a ni. Tin, Sorkar pawhin hmeichhe humhalhtu pawl dinin heng hmeichhe pawlte nen hian an thawk ho fo bawk. Khawvel hmun tamtakah chuan sorkar inthlannaah hmeichhia ten vote an nei thei ve lova, hmeichhe pawlte hian theihtawpin hmeichhe vote neih theih nan tan an la thin a ni. Inchhungkhur leh khawtlanga hmeichhiate chunga dik lo taka tharum thawhnate, (Domestic violence), pawngsual (rape) leh harsatna hrang hrangah hmeichhe dinhmun siamthat tumin an thawk mek zel a ni. Thenkhat chuan, feminism tih tawngkam hmang lovin, women's movement tiin sawi a, Feminist te nen an kalphung thil hrang daih niin an ngai bawk.
Heng kan han sawite bakah hian mi thenkhat Feminist tih aia, “hmeichhe inhmang mi” (Women Activist) inti an la awm leh a. Zir zauna huangah chuan, Gender studies ti a sawi thin a ni a. Kawng tinreng a, mipa leh hmeichhe inkungkaihna chungchang an zir thin a ni. (Gender chungchang hi feminist ten an zir tho bawk) Tin, hmeichhe thenkhat chuan, Mipa thuhnuaia hmeichhiate awm tho si a, hmeichhiate dinhmun thuam that an sawi mawi bawk a. (eg-Ruatfela Nu) Hmeichhiate tana chanvo ruat sak an sawi mawi hle thin. Heng hote hian feminist an inti chiah thin lo. Hemi huangah hian Mizorama kan hmeichhe pawl lian tak pahnih, MHIP leh Hmeithai Association-te pawh hi an tel ve ngeiin a rinawm. Khawvel hmundangte nen tehkhinin, an kalphung leh sukthlek (ideology) a danglam deuh mai chauh a ni.
Feminism than chhoh dan:
‘Feminism’ emaw ‘feminist’ tih tawngkam hi English tawnga hman a nih tanna hi Hmeichhe thlipui tleh vawihnihna (second wave) hnu lawk kum 1890 bawr vel nia sawi a ni. A hmang chhuaktu hi French Socialist lar tak pakhat, Charles Fourier nia sawi a ni. Amaherawhchu, feminist bul tanna erawh he mi hma fe atanga lo irchhuak tawh ni a sawi a ni. Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa (1486-1535) lehkhabu ziah ‘Declamation on the Nobility and Preeminence of the Female Sex’ tihah chuan hmeichhe chanvo humhalh chungchang alo auchhuah pui der tawh a. Mumal zawka a rawn irhchhuahna chu modern hun kan chuankai vanglai kum zabi 19na lai tak a ‘harhtharna hun’ (Enlightenment period) an tih atangin khan a ni. Heng hunlai hian hmeichhe dinhmun chiang zawk a bih chiangtu an lo chhuakin, hmeichhe humhalhna chungchang auchhuahpui tan a ni. Hmeichhia te’n zirna school an kal ve theihna turin Lady Mary Wortley Montagu leh Marquis de Condorcet ten theihtawp an lo chhuah thin a ni. Kum 1785 khan hmeichhiate dinhmun humhalhtu pawl chuan Dutch republic-ah Scientific society for women an lo din a. Hmeichhe chanchinbu ti chhuak in bul an lo tan nghal bawk a ni. Kum 1792-ah chuan nu pakhat, Mary Wollstonecraft chuan tunlai thleng lehkhabu lar em em mai, ‘A vindication of the rights of Women’ tih a tlangzarh a. Hmeichhe humhalh duhtu an pung zel a. Kum 1848-ah Women Right’s Convention chu New York khawpui Seneca Falls an tih hmunah din a ni a. Hei hi tunlai khawvel Feminism meichher chhitu pawimawh tak a ni ta ni. He mi hnu, Kum 1869-ah chuan ziaktu lar, John Stuart Mill-a lehkhabu ziah ‘The Subjection of Women’ tihah chuan dan hmanga mipa leh hmeichhe inhnuaichhiahna hi thil dik lo a ni tih a sawichhuah meuh chuan feminism ngaihdan mumal tak a piang chhuak der tawh a ni.
Kum zabi 19na atanga kum zabi 20na kan chuankai lai khan khawvel boruak a inthlak danglam nasa hle a. Khawl hmanga thil siamchhuah leh thiamna a pung a, hriselna leh inchhungkhur khawsak dan a inthlak danglam nasa a. Ram leh hnam lian zawk an piang chhuak a, ram inrelbawlna dan thar duanchhuah anih rual khan sakhaw thar leh rindan thar a piang chhuak tel nghal bawk a. Hmanlai huna mi pakhat rorelna ramah te chuan mipui rorelna sorkar (democracy) din a ni. Mi tin ten an chanvo humhalhna duhna thinlung an pu a. Mihring hi khawvel thil siam zinga danglam ber leh pawimawh ber anih avangin, chhia leh tha hriatna hman thiam tul zia hailan a ni. Hetia khawvel a inthlak danglam mup mup rual hian hmeichhiate dinhmun pawh kawng tam takah a inthlak danglamve ta bawk a. Amaherawhchu, sakhuana, ram inrelbawlna leh khawtlangah mipa te’n nen chanvo thuhmun pek an ni lo mai ni lovin, hnawl an ni hial zawk a. Khawthlang ram a Democracy (mipuite rorelna sorkar) hmelhriat anih hnu ngei pawh chuan, inthlannaah vote thlak phal sak an ni ve ta hauh lo. Mipuite sorkar chuan hmeichhiate chu mipuiah a chhiar ve duh ta lo a ni. French Revolution 1789 hnu atang phei kha chuan Hmeichhe humhalh tum a, hmalatu hmeichhe tam tak te’n an martar phah a ni. Hetih lai hian, India ramah pawh thuamchhawm (dowry), Hmeichhe naupang tihhlumna (female infanticide),te Pasalte thih ruala an nupuite hal hlumna (Sati) avangin hmeichhia ten an tuar nasa em em a. British lak atang India independent hnu kum 59-na ah daih pawh, hmeichhe naupangte hi tihhlum an la ni ta zel hi lung chhiat thlak tak a ni. Muslim culture hluarna ramah hmeichhiate dinhmun a chhe leh zual hle thin. Hetiang hian tunlai khawvel-ah ngei hian hmeichhia an nihna avang hrim hrim ‘inthliarna’ ala nasa em em a ni. Hei hian ahrin chhuah tak chu hmeichhe humhalh tura hmalatu pawl hrang hrang feminism/feminist kan tih te hi a ni. Khawvel kalphung fuh tawklo tuartu, hmeichhia-ah boruak alo sang deuh thin anih pawhin a hriatthiam awm hle a tih theih. Hmeichhe harsatna za-a-za (100%) hi Mipa-te hriatthiam pui vek theih a ni lo hrim hrim mai. Chuvangin, hmeichhia ten an harsatna sukiang tura hma anla hi a awm ve hliah hliah zawkin Mipa-te pawhin tanpui hial zawk tur a ni.
Mizoramah thenkhat ten hnamdang (Vai/Hindu/Muslim) hmeichhiate nen khaikhinin Mizo hmeichhe dinhmun hi atha lutuk kan ti fo thin a. A dikna chen a awm, amaherawhchu, eng ram leh hnam kalphung mah hi in ang diak a awm lo. Khawvel hmuntina hmeichhia te’n harsatna an tawh dan hi a thuhmun vek lova, Mizoramah Sati emaw Dowry a awm loh avang hian Mizo hmeichhe dinhmun hi lungawi thlak hle emaw a ni ngawt hek lo. Hindu hmeichhiate tawrh ve ngai hauh loh hi Mizo hmeichhia ten an tuar fo tho. Hindu hmeichhe dinhmun atanga Mizo hmeichhie dinhmun sawifiah tum hi a famkim tawk lo. Kan khawtlangah ngeia Mizo hmeichhe dinhmun tak hi chik zawka bih nawn fo zawk tur a ni. Kan hmeichhiate chawikan tulna apiang hi kan ngaipawimawh hle tur a ni, hmeichhe dinhmun a san chuan, chawp leh chilhin mipa dinhmun pawh a sang dawn tihna a ni.
Feminism hi kan hmang thiam tur a ni:
Thil engkim hi a hmanna tur tawk hriat a nih loh chuan buaina leh chhiatna thlentu a ni fo. Hetiang bawk hian Feminism ngaihdan pawh hi atha hle emaw atha lo hle emaw a ni ngawt lova. Khawtlang nun rualtlang taka a kal theihna tur hmaraw pawimawh takah hman theih anih mek laiin, khawtlang boruak ti chhe zawnga kalpui theih tho bawk a ni. Tunlaia Feminist thenkhatte pawh an kal fal lutuk fo thin. Hmeichhe zirbingtu thenkhat phei chuan, khawvel awm tirh khan ‘Hmeichhiate hi Mipa aia thunei zawk an ni a, tihluihnain Mipate’n an chhuhsak a ni e’, an ti a. Thenkhat chuan Mipa hrim hrim huat inzirtirna ang dawn dawn thehdarh tum an awm fo thin. Entirnan Radical feminist thenkhatte chuan khawtlang dinhmun harsatna bulpui ber chu mipa thuneihna bakah, mipa hrim hrim hi niin an sawi a. He mi tirehna tur kawng awmchhun chu hmeichhe leh mipa dah hran hlawk emaw thliar hran hlawk hi a ni an ti mauh mai le. A la vung zual, pawl thenkhat phei chuan Mipa leh hmeichhia chhungkua a insiamna bul, inneihna hi an duh lo bur tawh a. Tisa chakna in a mamawh anih chuan, lamhnai emaw thian hnai deuh zing ami mutpui mai kha an thlang hial zawk a ni. Thenkhat te chuan, hmeichhia chauhvin nau pai bik lovin Mipa pawh hian nau pai ve tawh rawh se tih hial sawi a ni. Radical feminist lar tak pakhat Mary Daly chuan khawvel kalphung mumal zawk a nih theih nan ‘mipa population hi tih hniam a, hmeichhia ten mipa an tam hneh hrim hrim angai a ni’ a ti hial a.
Engpawhnise, eng ngaihdan pawh hi khawtlanga remna leh muanna thlen thei chi anih loh chuan, ngaihdan dik lo a ni chawk. Hetiang bawk hian Feminism huanga ngaihdan hrisel tawklo inphum ru fo thinte hi thlitfim a pawimawh tak zet. Kan tunlai Mizoram khawthlang rem tur tawk chiah hriat chian atul tak meuhin mipa hrim hrim do nana hman chi a nilo tih kan hriat a tul takzet. Feminist lar tak Christina Hoff Sommers (Camille Paglia) chuan feminism hi Mipa do nan hrim hrim a hman dik loh zia atlang au pui fo tawh thin a. Tin, Katha Pollitt (Reasonable Creatures) chuan, feminist thenkhat ten arualtlang zawng thlir lova, inthliarhranna ang zawnga hman an tum fo thin hi thil thalo tak niin a sawi. Hengho te hi feminist ni lovin, sexist (mipa emaw hmeichhe bik emaw thliar hran tlat duh mi) tih tur an ni zawk a ti hial a ni.
Feminism chhunga ngaihdan hrisel lo thenkhatte avanga, feminism tih hrim hrim, Mizorama kan lo hnuatsual vek mai hi a fuh lo ber zawka chu a ni. Mizoram-ah zirtirna/ngaihdan/ideology thar danglam tak tak, entirnan, capitalism, cyber-culture, globalisation, postmodernism etc tih te kan hmelhriat tan mek a. Hengte pawh hi a tangkai zawnga hman anih loh vek chuan hlauhawm thei tak vek an ni. Amaherawhchu, Feminism ang em hian kan lo tawng let kher ve lova, hetiang chungchanga ti ti vawrh theihte chu, lehkhathiam deuh leh vengva deuh turah kan ngai hial zawk a ni lo’m ni? Khawvel mi zawng zawng hi engtik khawtikah mah kan intluk tlang thap dawn lo. Amaherawhchu, hmeichhia emaw mipa an nih vang hrim hrim a, “inthliar bikna” hi chu tih reh theih a ni. Khawtlang a hmeichhia leh mipa inthliarna tam tak hi hmanlai atanga ram leh khawtlangte siamchawp a ni tih hi Feminist-te ngaihdan a lo ni thin. Tling lo chung a nih tur tum lam ni lovin, keimahni theihna leh tlin phak chin ang zelin a ni tur a ni. Entirnan, hmeichhia anih vang hrim hrim a, ram hruaitu atan emaw Pastor atan tlak loh a ngaihnate, hmeichhia anih vang a eirawngbawl hrim hrim tura ngaihna chi te hi chhut ngun atan atha hle. Entirnan, Inchhungkhurah pawh hmeichhia zawk hnathawk, inchhungkhur sum la luttu ber anih lai a, mipa zawkin hna vawn mumal neilo anih chuan, mipa zawk hian a tul dan azirin eirawng bawl leh sekrek khawih hi ti ve ta mai thin sela. Mipa tih tur bik hliah hliah emaw hmeichhia tih tur bik emaw ni lovin, chhungkaw remchan dang ang zela insiam rem thiam hi a tha ber awm e. Chanvo kan tih rual hian mawhphurna insem zai thiam hi kan zir a pawimawh tak zet. Hei hi mipa leh hmeichhiate rualtlang taka kan awm theihna tur a ni.
Mizo History ziaka kan neih chinah hmeichhe lam chanchin hmuh tur a vang hle. Mizoram in buai a tawh lai khan hmeichhia tam tak chu zalenna sualin ramhnuaiah anlo vak vai ve tawh a. Tunlai hian, an chanchin hriatzui a ni ta meuh lova. Kan chanchinbu leh lehkhabu chhuakah te pawh tarlan an ni ngai meuh lo. Kan Mizo Hmeichhiate’n khawtlang leh ram tana an hnathawh te hi kan tarlan sak thiam a, kan chawimawi thiam a hun takzet mai.
Bawrhsap N.E Parry’an kan hnam dan (customary Law) min dahkhawm sak atangin, Mizo hmeichhe dinhmun chhiatna engemaw zah siamthat tawh a ni. Amaherawhchu, kan hnam dan hi tunlai khawvel atan a famkim ta lo hle. Nupui pasal inneih, inthen ni khuate leh chhungkaw rokhawm chungchangah te hmeichhe chan ala chhe em em a. He thil hi kan rama Hmeichhe pawl din anih tantirh atang khan an lo sawiri fo tawh thin. Tun thlenga siamthat ala nilo cheu hian hmeichhe laka kan rilru sukthlek a tarlang hle. Rev Dr H.S Luaia phei chuan, hmeichhe man hi nuaibo hial alo rawt tawh a ni. (Ralvengtu, January, 2006).
Northeast India-a Crime record-ah hmeichhe chunga dik lo taka chetnaah Mizoram chu pahnihna ti a tarlan a ni a. (The Aizawl Post, Dt.9th Feb 2006) Hei hian kan hmeichhia te chunga kan rilru putphung kan thlak deuh tul zia a ti lang hle. Mizo khawtlangah hian, hmanlai atanga tunlai thlengin, zahawmna tibo thei hial turin hmeichhe chhaih nawmnah kan ching hle thin a. Kan tunlai hmeichhiate pawhin huat en in an en ngai meuh tawh lova, a ve tur rengah kan ngai zamah thin. Hengte hi tunlai khawvela tih atan a mawi ber tawh loh mai bakah dan kalh a ni.
Mizoramah mi thenkhat chuan a bawplawkah lak kan ching fo thin. Mipa thenkhat te’n kan chakna thahrui chhuanga hmeichhiate hnuaichhiah tum kan awm thin hi bih chian a hun ta hle. Postmodern khawvel hi thahrui chakna ngawr ngawr hmang kal a ni tawh lova, thluak hmanga kal zawk a ni. Thluak hmang thiam apiang an dingchang tawh mai a ni. Mizoramah pawh lehkhathiam zingah hmeichhia an thleng sang zawk ta mah mah tih kan sawiri fo a. Tunlai phei chuan, thahrui hman ngaihna, hna hram kan tih te pawh Mizo hmeichhia te’n an thawk ve bawrh bawrh tawh zawk a ni. (e.g. Satalha eizawng). Hmeichhia te’n hna hautak zawk pawh an ti ve thei zel tawh tih alan chhuah meuh chuan, kan zo lo deuh ta hialin, Hmeichhia, Satalha eizawngte pawh kan sawisel ti tih hial ta zawk a nih hi. Chuvangin, hmeichhiate chak lo zawk leh tih theih nei tlem zawk hrim hrim a, dah a, an chunga leng thei intihna rilru hi kan paih deuh a hun hle. Nakin lawkah chuan, hna hram tam takte thleng hian kan hmeichhia te’n min thawh khalh vek anga, mipa thawh tur hmu lo te hi kan nuar tlut tlut palh ang tih a hlauhawm ta hial zawk a ni.
Feminism emaw Feminist-te hlimthla hi Mizo khawtlangah kil hnih-khat emaw chauhin tarlan a ni thin a. Feminist tih anih tawh chuan mipa do hrim hrim tura dahna kan nei a. Thenkhat phei chuan, Biakin pulpit tlang atang meuhin kan diriam hial tawh mai thin. Tunlaia hmeichhe lehkha zirsang deuhte pawh, feminist viau tur emaw ngaihna kan nei bawk thin. Hmeichhia an nihna anga an zirlai atanga conciousness an neih kha thil tha tak a ni zawk. Lehkhathiam ta na na chu, Mizo hmeichhe dinhmun kalhkim tawk lo an hmu fiah thiam tan pawh alo ni thei. A eng a mah a hma a, lo tawng let hrim hrim duhna rilru kan pu fo thin hi i in enfiah deuh ang u.
Mizo hmeichhia ten an hawiher/sukthlek an thlak danglam hmasak atul:
Tunlai kan Mizoram hmeichhe pawl hmalakna chak tawk theih lohna chhan ber ni a lang chu an mahni hmeichhiaah hian a ni. Pawl hmalakna pawh hmeichhiate bawk hian an pawmpui lo fo thin. Chuvangin, kan hmeichhe pawl hruaitute hian Mizo hmeichhia zawng zawngte (common platform) ngaihdan leh duhdan huap zo an duan chhuah a tul a ni. Tin, Mizoram kan hmeichhe pawlte hian an pawl nawr kaltu tu tur (support-tu) an mamawh a ni. Khawvel hmundangah chuan, zirbing mi te’n an chanchin chhui zauna atangin thil awmdan leh kalphung tha zawk an duang chhuak a. Heng mite hian, hnunglam leh hmalam atangin an nawr kal tlat thin a ni. Kan hmeichhe pawl pawh hi, an mahni tanpuitu tur, Hmeichhe chanchin atanga khawtlang nun zirbing mi, mithiam an mamawh hle tawh niin alang. Kan Mizo hmeichhe zingah, Padma Shri Nuchhungi, Lalsangzuali Sailo, Linda Chhakchhuak, Lalruafela Nu, Buangi Sailo te bakah, kan theologian Dr. Vanlaltlani, Dr. R.L Hnuni, Dr Lalrinawmi Ralte bak hmeichhe hamthatna ngaihtuah a, hnuhma nei an awm meuh lo. Hmeichhe chanchin zirna lama, heng hmeichhe inhmang mi (activist) te hian an tihtur an tih tan a hun ta a ni.
Hetih lai hian, kan Mizo hmeichhe activist-te hian, khawvel ramdanga Feminist pawlte thil ngiat apiang Mizorama lo lakchhawn tum ve zel tur pawh a ni lovang. Kan ram leh khawtlang mila kan hman thiam zawk a tul a ni. Ram rorelna Assemble leh Village Council inthlanah te concession phut hi thil fuh ber niin alang lo. Hengah hian inthliarhranna ang chi a awm hran lova, India citizen danin a phut ang tling apiangte tan tel theihna a ni. Concession leh seat inruatsak sa ang hi chu tling lo chung inhnawhluh tumna a ni. Ram siamthatna tur a kawk zo meuh lo. Central Sorkarin alo ruahman anih pawhin, kan rama kan tih loh zawk atha ang. Hei ai chuan, Hmeichhiate, politics huanga hnarkaitu ni ve thei ngei turin kan inchher hriam a pawimawhin hmeichhiate hian an mahni an inenfiah hmasak a tul. India ram hmeichhiate halhluma rapbet thin ramah hian politics kalphung chu hmeichhiate kuta awm deuh thaw thin a ni. Indira Gandhi (L), Sonia Gandhi, Jaya Lalitha, Mamta Banerjee etc te’n India politics an kawih her theih zia kan hre vek mai. Hetiang bawk hian kan Mizo hmeichhiate pawh hian tumna (will) an neih phawt chuan, Mizoram politics hi an thlak danglam thei ngei ang. Tunlai Mizoram politics kalphung hi mipui te’n thlak danglam tul ni a ngai, an pun mek lai hian kan ram kalphung chu a danglam tak tak thei si lo. Hetah tak mai hian, kan Mizo hmeichhiate hi ram rorel khawlah han lut ve chhin sela, kan kalphung hi danglam zawk ngeiin a rinawm. Kan hmeichhiate pawhin, pawl hruaitu (YMA, Village Council, KTP, TKP) abikin President nihna angte phei hi chu an tih turah an ngai lo hial thin hi an inenfiahna tur a ni. He mi tlin thei ngei turin kan Mizo hmeichhiate hi an inchher hriam tan a hun ta hle. Tin, intluktlanna kan tih lehlam chiahah hian “MAWHPHURNA” a awm ve tih ka hriat a tul. Hetih lai hian, kan Mizo hmeichhiate hian kawng engkimah mipate mawhphurna lak ang erawh anla ngam ve ngei tur a ni.
Tin, kan khawthlang pawl leh kohhranah te pawh hmechhe chanvo hi kan ngaihpawimawh ve ngei a tul ta hle. Sakhuana lamah Kohhran leh pawl thenkhatah (Salvation Army-te leh Pu Chana pawl etc) chuan hmeichhia te’n chanvo pawimawh tak tak an nei thin a. Mizoram Kohhran lian ber pahnih; Baptist leh Presbytarian-ah te erawh chanvo anla nei nep hle. Pastor (BD) zir tur chuan hmeichhia leh Mipa lak thin a ni. Amaherawhchu, kohhran lian pahnihte hian Pastor turin hmeichhia an nei thei lo ve ve rih a. Mizo zinga hmeichhe pakhat chuan “rawngbawl duhna tak tak rilru puin Pathian thu kan zir a, theihtawpin kan bei ve thin a, kan zirlai a kan thian mipa thenkhat kei ni aia ti thei vak lo zawk leh thurawn kan pek fo thin te, Kohhran rawngbawl tura ordination pek an han nih meuh hi chuan rilru a na duh khawp mai”a ti hial a ni. Kohhran rorel khawlah pawh hmeichhiate an tel meuh lova, Baptist Church of Mizoram Assemble-ah chuan, Kohhran hmeichhe pawl atangin member pakhat emaw chauhte telve phal sak an ni. Hmeichhia hian an tlin anih phawt chuan an telve phalsak hi a finthlak zawk ngei ang. Kan hmeichhiate hi pastor-ah te, Kohhran Upa-ah te, Rawngbawltu-ah te dah ve tawh ila, mipa an phak lohna tur a awm hauh lo. Tunlaia kan Mizo hmeichhiate kalphung en hian Mizo hmeichhiate hian an tlin hle tawh zawkin a rinawm. Kawng zau zawk kan hawn sak phal lo mai chauh a ni.
Awle, khawvel ram changkang apiangah hmeichhiate thawm a ring thin. Keini pawh, hma kan sawn zel anga, kan duh emaw duhlo emaw feminism hi alo lut tho tho dawn. Hmeichhia chauh ni lo, kan zoram pum khawtlang hmasawnna atan, zir chiang sela, tan la sauh sauh rawh se. Hetih rual hian feminism tih hi mipa hrim hrim do na tur hmanrua tur a ni lo tih kan hriat nawn fo a pawimawh. Khawtlangah hmeichhia leh mipa inkungkaihna a thil tha thlentu hmanruaah i hmang mawlh teh ang u.
Lehkha rawnte or References:
1. Amar Kumar Singh & C. Rajyalakshmi; “Status of Tribal Women in India”, in Amar Kumar Singh & C. Rajyalakshmi: Status of Tribal Women in India. Social Change, Dec. 1993. 23(4).
2. Amartya Sen; Many Faces of Gender Inequality, Frontline, Vol-18, Issue-22, Oct27-Nov 9, 2001.
3. Anne Phillips (ed); Feminism and Equality, New York Univ. Press, 1987.
4. Barbara L Marshall; Engendering Modernity: Feminism, Social Theory, and Social Change, Northeastern Univ. Press, 1994.
5. Carroll A. Bernice (Ed); Liberating Women’s History, Oxford University Press, 1976.
6. Diana Tietjens Meyers (ed); Feminist Social Thought: A Reader, Routledge, 1997.
7. Estelle B. Freedman; No Turning Back: The History of Feminism and the Future of Women, New York: Ballantine Books, 2002.
8. F. Carolyn Graglia, Domestic Tranquility, A Brief Against Feminism, Spence Publishing Company, Dallas, 1998.
9. Gerda Lerner; The Creation of Patriarchy, (Oxford, 1986).
10. ;The Creation of Feminist Consciousness: From the Middle Ages to 1870 A.D. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
11. ___________; Why History Matters New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
12. Gayle Binion; “Human Rights: A Feminist Perspective” in Human Rights Quarterly 17.3, 1995.
13. Hans Peter Dreitzel,(ed); Family, Marriage, and the Struggle of the Sexes, New York: The Macmillan Co., 1972.
14. Hluna, JV; “Role of women in the Politics of Mizoram” 3rd Annual Magazines 2001-2002, T. Romana College, Malsawm Publication, Aizawl, Mizoram.
15. Jenny Chapman; Politics, Feminism and the Reformation of Gender, Routledge, 1993.
16. Jo Freeman; “Political oragnisation in the Feminist Movement” Presented as a paper at the 1974 annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, and published in Acta Sociologica, Vol. 18, No. 2-3, 1975.
17. J. Barbara Nelson & Najma Chowdhury; Women and Politics Worldwide, New Heaven and London, Yale Univ Press, 1994.
18. Joan Wallach Scott (ed); Feminism And History, Oxford University Press, 1996.
19. Linda Chhakchhuak; Women of God Want A Place in Church, Janmanch.
20. Mizo Women Today; Tribal Research Institute, Aizawl, Mizoram, 1991.
21. N.Chatterjee; Position and Status of Women in the Earlier Mizo Society, TRI, Aizawl, 1975.
22. Parry, N.E; A Monograph on Lushai Customs and Ceremonies, R.I. Khasi offset Printers on behalf of T.R.I, Aizawl Mizoram, 1988. (First edition, 1928).
23. R. L. Hnuni; "Feminist Theology", "History, Meaning and Concem", in R.L Hnuni, (ed); Transforming Theology for Empowering Women, Jorhat: Women's Studies, Eastem Theological College, 1996.
24. Ruth Rosen; The World Split Open: How the Modern Women's Movement Changed America, New York: Penguin, 2000.
25. Ruatfela Nu; “Engvanginnge Mizo Hmeichhiate tihchak an tul?”, The Aizawl Post, 25th February 2005.
26. Remsangpuii Nu (Buangi Sailo); Mizo Nunhlui leh Tunlai, Aizawl, 2001.
27. Sangkima; Women and politics in Mizoram’, in proceedings of N.E.I.H.A, 19th Session, Nagaland University, Kohima, 1999.
28. Sheila Tobias; Faces of Feminism: An Activist's Reflections on the Women's Movement, 1997.
29. Sandra Harding (ed); Feminism and Methodology, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1986.
30. Shulamit Reinharz; Feminist Method in Social Research, Oxford University Press, 1992.
31. Sheila Rowbotham; Hidden From History, New York, 1974.
32. Sushila Singh; Feminism: Theory, Criticism, Analysis, Pencraft International, Delhi, 1997.
33. Sumi Krishna; Gender Analysis: Case Study of Mizoram, - CASE STUDY OF GENDER DIMENTIONS IN BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT, INDIA. (Report Submitted to FAO Regional office For ASIA and The Pacific, Bangkok, THAILAND. June 1997.
34. Walter Fernandes & Barbora Sanjay; Modernisation and Women’s Status in North Eastern India, N.E.S.R.C Guwahati, 2002.
35. T. Sarker & Butalia U. (ed.); Women & Right-Wing Movements (Indian Experience), Zed Books Ltd., London and New Jersey, 1995.
36. T.C Zonunsanga; Mizo Mipate U……., YMA Chanchinbu, August, 2004.
37. VIRGINIUS XAXA; “Women and Gender in the Study of Tribes in India”, Indian Journal of Gender Studies, Vol.11, No.3, Sage Publications New Delhi/Thousand Oaks/London, 2004.
Web-site:
38. www. nationmastar.com, Encyclopedia: Feminism.
39. Non Governmental organisation, Mizo Hmeichhe Insuikhawm Pawl,.www. Mizoram.com,
40. Laldena, “Status of Mizo Women”, www.manipuronline.com, Feb 8, 2003. The Sangai Express, 2003.
41. Judith Lewis; “The Men Behind the Women; or, The Origin of Feminism” http://www.thelewisgroup.net/, February 28th, 2006.
42. Sukhendu Bhattacharya; “Women at a disadvantage in Mizoram”, http://www.rediff.com/, November 15, 2003.
43. http://www.marxists.org/glossary/terms/f/e.htm-Encyclopedia of Marxism: Glossary of Terms.
44. http://feminist.org/
45. http://www.cawinfo.org/
46. http://now.org/
47. http://www.yourquotations.net/Feminism.html
48. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-topics
49. http://www.users.bigpond.com/sarcasmo/femo.html
‘Feminism’ emaw ‘feminist’ tih tawngkam hi English tawnga hman a nih tanna hi Hmeichhe thlipui tleh vawihnihna (second wave) hnu lawk kum 1890 bawr vel nia sawi a ni. A hmang chhuaktu hi French Socialist lar tak pakhat, Charles Fourier nia sawi a ni. Amaherawhchu, feminist bul tanna erawh he mi hma fe atanga lo irchhuak tawh ni a sawi a ni. Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa (1486-1535) lehkhabu ziah ‘Declamation on the Nobility and Preeminence of the Female Sex’ tihah chuan hmeichhe chanvo humhalh chungchang alo auchhuah pui der tawh a. Mumal zawka a rawn irhchhuahna chu modern hun kan chuankai vanglai kum zabi 19na lai tak a ‘harhtharna hun’ (Enlightenment period) an tih atangin khan a ni. Heng hunlai hian hmeichhe dinhmun chiang zawk a bih chiangtu an lo chhuakin, hmeichhe humhalhna chungchang auchhuahpui tan a ni. Hmeichhia te’n zirna school an kal ve theihna turin Lady Mary Wortley Montagu leh Marquis de Condorcet ten theihtawp an lo chhuah thin a ni. Kum 1785 khan hmeichhiate dinhmun humhalhtu pawl chuan Dutch republic-ah Scientific society for women an lo din a. Hmeichhe chanchinbu ti chhuak in bul an lo tan nghal bawk a ni. Kum 1792-ah chuan nu pakhat, Mary Wollstonecraft chuan tunlai thleng lehkhabu lar em em mai, ‘A vindication of the rights of Women’ tih a tlangzarh a. Hmeichhe humhalh duhtu an pung zel a. Kum 1848-ah Women Right’s Convention chu New York khawpui Seneca Falls an tih hmunah din a ni a. Hei hi tunlai khawvel Feminism meichher chhitu pawimawh tak a ni ta ni. He mi hnu, Kum 1869-ah chuan ziaktu lar, John Stuart Mill-a lehkhabu ziah ‘The Subjection of Women’ tihah chuan dan hmanga mipa leh hmeichhe inhnuaichhiahna hi thil dik lo a ni tih a sawichhuah meuh chuan feminism ngaihdan mumal tak a piang chhuak der tawh a ni.
Kum zabi 19na atanga kum zabi 20na kan chuankai lai khan khawvel boruak a inthlak danglam nasa hle a. Khawl hmanga thil siamchhuah leh thiamna a pung a, hriselna leh inchhungkhur khawsak dan a inthlak danglam nasa a. Ram leh hnam lian zawk an piang chhuak a, ram inrelbawlna dan thar duanchhuah anih rual khan sakhaw thar leh rindan thar a piang chhuak tel nghal bawk a. Hmanlai huna mi pakhat rorelna ramah te chuan mipui rorelna sorkar (democracy) din a ni. Mi tin ten an chanvo humhalhna duhna thinlung an pu a. Mihring hi khawvel thil siam zinga danglam ber leh pawimawh ber anih avangin, chhia leh tha hriatna hman thiam tul zia hailan a ni. Hetia khawvel a inthlak danglam mup mup rual hian hmeichhiate dinhmun pawh kawng tam takah a inthlak danglamve ta bawk a. Amaherawhchu, sakhuana, ram inrelbawlna leh khawtlangah mipa te’n nen chanvo thuhmun pek an ni lo mai ni lovin, hnawl an ni hial zawk a. Khawthlang ram a Democracy (mipuite rorelna sorkar) hmelhriat anih hnu ngei pawh chuan, inthlannaah vote thlak phal sak an ni ve ta hauh lo. Mipuite sorkar chuan hmeichhiate chu mipuiah a chhiar ve duh ta lo a ni. French Revolution 1789 hnu atang phei kha chuan Hmeichhe humhalh tum a, hmalatu hmeichhe tam tak te’n an martar phah a ni. Hetih lai hian, India ramah pawh thuamchhawm (dowry), Hmeichhe naupang tihhlumna (female infanticide),te Pasalte thih ruala an nupuite hal hlumna (Sati) avangin hmeichhia ten an tuar nasa em em a. British lak atang India independent hnu kum 59-na ah daih pawh, hmeichhe naupangte hi tihhlum an la ni ta zel hi lung chhiat thlak tak a ni. Muslim culture hluarna ramah hmeichhiate dinhmun a chhe leh zual hle thin. Hetiang hian tunlai khawvel-ah ngei hian hmeichhia an nihna avang hrim hrim ‘inthliarna’ ala nasa em em a ni. Hei hian ahrin chhuah tak chu hmeichhe humhalh tura hmalatu pawl hrang hrang feminism/feminist kan tih te hi a ni. Khawvel kalphung fuh tawklo tuartu, hmeichhia-ah boruak alo sang deuh thin anih pawhin a hriatthiam awm hle a tih theih. Hmeichhe harsatna za-a-za (100%) hi Mipa-te hriatthiam pui vek theih a ni lo hrim hrim mai. Chuvangin, hmeichhia ten an harsatna sukiang tura hma anla hi a awm ve hliah hliah zawkin Mipa-te pawhin tanpui hial zawk tur a ni.
Mizoramah thenkhat ten hnamdang (Vai/Hindu/Muslim) hmeichhiate nen khaikhinin Mizo hmeichhe dinhmun hi atha lutuk kan ti fo thin a. A dikna chen a awm, amaherawhchu, eng ram leh hnam kalphung mah hi in ang diak a awm lo. Khawvel hmuntina hmeichhia te’n harsatna an tawh dan hi a thuhmun vek lova, Mizoramah Sati emaw Dowry a awm loh avang hian Mizo hmeichhe dinhmun hi lungawi thlak hle emaw a ni ngawt hek lo. Hindu hmeichhiate tawrh ve ngai hauh loh hi Mizo hmeichhia ten an tuar fo tho. Hindu hmeichhe dinhmun atanga Mizo hmeichhie dinhmun sawifiah tum hi a famkim tawk lo. Kan khawtlangah ngeia Mizo hmeichhe dinhmun tak hi chik zawka bih nawn fo zawk tur a ni. Kan hmeichhiate chawikan tulna apiang hi kan ngaipawimawh hle tur a ni, hmeichhe dinhmun a san chuan, chawp leh chilhin mipa dinhmun pawh a sang dawn tihna a ni.
Feminism hi kan hmang thiam tur a ni:
Thil engkim hi a hmanna tur tawk hriat a nih loh chuan buaina leh chhiatna thlentu a ni fo. Hetiang bawk hian Feminism ngaihdan pawh hi atha hle emaw atha lo hle emaw a ni ngawt lova. Khawtlang nun rualtlang taka a kal theihna tur hmaraw pawimawh takah hman theih anih mek laiin, khawtlang boruak ti chhe zawnga kalpui theih tho bawk a ni. Tunlaia Feminist thenkhatte pawh an kal fal lutuk fo thin. Hmeichhe zirbingtu thenkhat phei chuan, khawvel awm tirh khan ‘Hmeichhiate hi Mipa aia thunei zawk an ni a, tihluihnain Mipate’n an chhuhsak a ni e’, an ti a. Thenkhat chuan Mipa hrim hrim huat inzirtirna ang dawn dawn thehdarh tum an awm fo thin. Entirnan Radical feminist thenkhatte chuan khawtlang dinhmun harsatna bulpui ber chu mipa thuneihna bakah, mipa hrim hrim hi niin an sawi a. He mi tirehna tur kawng awmchhun chu hmeichhe leh mipa dah hran hlawk emaw thliar hran hlawk hi a ni an ti mauh mai le. A la vung zual, pawl thenkhat phei chuan Mipa leh hmeichhia chhungkua a insiamna bul, inneihna hi an duh lo bur tawh a. Tisa chakna in a mamawh anih chuan, lamhnai emaw thian hnai deuh zing ami mutpui mai kha an thlang hial zawk a ni. Thenkhat te chuan, hmeichhia chauhvin nau pai bik lovin Mipa pawh hian nau pai ve tawh rawh se tih hial sawi a ni. Radical feminist lar tak pakhat Mary Daly chuan khawvel kalphung mumal zawk a nih theih nan ‘mipa population hi tih hniam a, hmeichhia ten mipa an tam hneh hrim hrim angai a ni’ a ti hial a.
Engpawhnise, eng ngaihdan pawh hi khawtlanga remna leh muanna thlen thei chi anih loh chuan, ngaihdan dik lo a ni chawk. Hetiang bawk hian Feminism huanga ngaihdan hrisel tawklo inphum ru fo thinte hi thlitfim a pawimawh tak zet. Kan tunlai Mizoram khawthlang rem tur tawk chiah hriat chian atul tak meuhin mipa hrim hrim do nana hman chi a nilo tih kan hriat a tul takzet. Feminist lar tak Christina Hoff Sommers (Camille Paglia) chuan feminism hi Mipa do nan hrim hrim a hman dik loh zia atlang au pui fo tawh thin a. Tin, Katha Pollitt (Reasonable Creatures) chuan, feminist thenkhat ten arualtlang zawng thlir lova, inthliarhranna ang zawnga hman an tum fo thin hi thil thalo tak niin a sawi. Hengho te hi feminist ni lovin, sexist (mipa emaw hmeichhe bik emaw thliar hran tlat duh mi) tih tur an ni zawk a ti hial a ni.
Feminism chhunga ngaihdan hrisel lo thenkhatte avanga, feminism tih hrim hrim, Mizorama kan lo hnuatsual vek mai hi a fuh lo ber zawka chu a ni. Mizoram-ah zirtirna/ngaihdan/ideology thar danglam tak tak, entirnan, capitalism, cyber-culture, globalisation, postmodernism etc tih te kan hmelhriat tan mek a. Hengte pawh hi a tangkai zawnga hman anih loh vek chuan hlauhawm thei tak vek an ni. Amaherawhchu, Feminism ang em hian kan lo tawng let kher ve lova, hetiang chungchanga ti ti vawrh theihte chu, lehkhathiam deuh leh vengva deuh turah kan ngai hial zawk a ni lo’m ni? Khawvel mi zawng zawng hi engtik khawtikah mah kan intluk tlang thap dawn lo. Amaherawhchu, hmeichhia emaw mipa an nih vang hrim hrim a, “inthliar bikna” hi chu tih reh theih a ni. Khawtlang a hmeichhia leh mipa inthliarna tam tak hi hmanlai atanga ram leh khawtlangte siamchawp a ni tih hi Feminist-te ngaihdan a lo ni thin. Tling lo chung a nih tur tum lam ni lovin, keimahni theihna leh tlin phak chin ang zelin a ni tur a ni. Entirnan, hmeichhia anih vang hrim hrim a, ram hruaitu atan emaw Pastor atan tlak loh a ngaihnate, hmeichhia anih vang a eirawngbawl hrim hrim tura ngaihna chi te hi chhut ngun atan atha hle. Entirnan, Inchhungkhurah pawh hmeichhia zawk hnathawk, inchhungkhur sum la luttu ber anih lai a, mipa zawkin hna vawn mumal neilo anih chuan, mipa zawk hian a tul dan azirin eirawng bawl leh sekrek khawih hi ti ve ta mai thin sela. Mipa tih tur bik hliah hliah emaw hmeichhia tih tur bik emaw ni lovin, chhungkaw remchan dang ang zela insiam rem thiam hi a tha ber awm e. Chanvo kan tih rual hian mawhphurna insem zai thiam hi kan zir a pawimawh tak zet. Hei hi mipa leh hmeichhiate rualtlang taka kan awm theihna tur a ni.
Mizo History ziaka kan neih chinah hmeichhe lam chanchin hmuh tur a vang hle. Mizoram in buai a tawh lai khan hmeichhia tam tak chu zalenna sualin ramhnuaiah anlo vak vai ve tawh a. Tunlai hian, an chanchin hriatzui a ni ta meuh lova. Kan chanchinbu leh lehkhabu chhuakah te pawh tarlan an ni ngai meuh lo. Kan Mizo Hmeichhiate’n khawtlang leh ram tana an hnathawh te hi kan tarlan sak thiam a, kan chawimawi thiam a hun takzet mai.
Bawrhsap N.E Parry’an kan hnam dan (customary Law) min dahkhawm sak atangin, Mizo hmeichhe dinhmun chhiatna engemaw zah siamthat tawh a ni. Amaherawhchu, kan hnam dan hi tunlai khawvel atan a famkim ta lo hle. Nupui pasal inneih, inthen ni khuate leh chhungkaw rokhawm chungchangah te hmeichhe chan ala chhe em em a. He thil hi kan rama Hmeichhe pawl din anih tantirh atang khan an lo sawiri fo tawh thin. Tun thlenga siamthat ala nilo cheu hian hmeichhe laka kan rilru sukthlek a tarlang hle. Rev Dr H.S Luaia phei chuan, hmeichhe man hi nuaibo hial alo rawt tawh a ni. (Ralvengtu, January, 2006).
Northeast India-a Crime record-ah hmeichhe chunga dik lo taka chetnaah Mizoram chu pahnihna ti a tarlan a ni a. (The Aizawl Post, Dt.9th Feb 2006) Hei hian kan hmeichhia te chunga kan rilru putphung kan thlak deuh tul zia a ti lang hle. Mizo khawtlangah hian, hmanlai atanga tunlai thlengin, zahawmna tibo thei hial turin hmeichhe chhaih nawmnah kan ching hle thin a. Kan tunlai hmeichhiate pawhin huat en in an en ngai meuh tawh lova, a ve tur rengah kan ngai zamah thin. Hengte hi tunlai khawvela tih atan a mawi ber tawh loh mai bakah dan kalh a ni.
Mizoramah mi thenkhat chuan a bawplawkah lak kan ching fo thin. Mipa thenkhat te’n kan chakna thahrui chhuanga hmeichhiate hnuaichhiah tum kan awm thin hi bih chian a hun ta hle. Postmodern khawvel hi thahrui chakna ngawr ngawr hmang kal a ni tawh lova, thluak hmanga kal zawk a ni. Thluak hmang thiam apiang an dingchang tawh mai a ni. Mizoramah pawh lehkhathiam zingah hmeichhia an thleng sang zawk ta mah mah tih kan sawiri fo a. Tunlai phei chuan, thahrui hman ngaihna, hna hram kan tih te pawh Mizo hmeichhia te’n an thawk ve bawrh bawrh tawh zawk a ni. (e.g. Satalha eizawng). Hmeichhia te’n hna hautak zawk pawh an ti ve thei zel tawh tih alan chhuah meuh chuan, kan zo lo deuh ta hialin, Hmeichhia, Satalha eizawngte pawh kan sawisel ti tih hial ta zawk a nih hi. Chuvangin, hmeichhiate chak lo zawk leh tih theih nei tlem zawk hrim hrim a, dah a, an chunga leng thei intihna rilru hi kan paih deuh a hun hle. Nakin lawkah chuan, hna hram tam takte thleng hian kan hmeichhia te’n min thawh khalh vek anga, mipa thawh tur hmu lo te hi kan nuar tlut tlut palh ang tih a hlauhawm ta hial zawk a ni.
Feminism emaw Feminist-te hlimthla hi Mizo khawtlangah kil hnih-khat emaw chauhin tarlan a ni thin a. Feminist tih anih tawh chuan mipa do hrim hrim tura dahna kan nei a. Thenkhat phei chuan, Biakin pulpit tlang atang meuhin kan diriam hial tawh mai thin. Tunlaia hmeichhe lehkha zirsang deuhte pawh, feminist viau tur emaw ngaihna kan nei bawk thin. Hmeichhia an nihna anga an zirlai atanga conciousness an neih kha thil tha tak a ni zawk. Lehkhathiam ta na na chu, Mizo hmeichhe dinhmun kalhkim tawk lo an hmu fiah thiam tan pawh alo ni thei. A eng a mah a hma a, lo tawng let hrim hrim duhna rilru kan pu fo thin hi i in enfiah deuh ang u.
Mizo hmeichhia ten an hawiher/sukthlek an thlak danglam hmasak atul:
Tunlai kan Mizoram hmeichhe pawl hmalakna chak tawk theih lohna chhan ber ni a lang chu an mahni hmeichhiaah hian a ni. Pawl hmalakna pawh hmeichhiate bawk hian an pawmpui lo fo thin. Chuvangin, kan hmeichhe pawl hruaitute hian Mizo hmeichhia zawng zawngte (common platform) ngaihdan leh duhdan huap zo an duan chhuah a tul a ni. Tin, Mizoram kan hmeichhe pawlte hian an pawl nawr kaltu tu tur (support-tu) an mamawh a ni. Khawvel hmundangah chuan, zirbing mi te’n an chanchin chhui zauna atangin thil awmdan leh kalphung tha zawk an duang chhuak a. Heng mite hian, hnunglam leh hmalam atangin an nawr kal tlat thin a ni. Kan hmeichhe pawl pawh hi, an mahni tanpuitu tur, Hmeichhe chanchin atanga khawtlang nun zirbing mi, mithiam an mamawh hle tawh niin alang. Kan Mizo hmeichhe zingah, Padma Shri Nuchhungi, Lalsangzuali Sailo, Linda Chhakchhuak, Lalruafela Nu, Buangi Sailo te bakah, kan theologian Dr. Vanlaltlani, Dr. R.L Hnuni, Dr Lalrinawmi Ralte bak hmeichhe hamthatna ngaihtuah a, hnuhma nei an awm meuh lo. Hmeichhe chanchin zirna lama, heng hmeichhe inhmang mi (activist) te hian an tihtur an tih tan a hun ta a ni.
Hetih lai hian, kan Mizo hmeichhe activist-te hian, khawvel ramdanga Feminist pawlte thil ngiat apiang Mizorama lo lakchhawn tum ve zel tur pawh a ni lovang. Kan ram leh khawtlang mila kan hman thiam zawk a tul a ni. Ram rorelna Assemble leh Village Council inthlanah te concession phut hi thil fuh ber niin alang lo. Hengah hian inthliarhranna ang chi a awm hran lova, India citizen danin a phut ang tling apiangte tan tel theihna a ni. Concession leh seat inruatsak sa ang hi chu tling lo chung inhnawhluh tumna a ni. Ram siamthatna tur a kawk zo meuh lo. Central Sorkarin alo ruahman anih pawhin, kan rama kan tih loh zawk atha ang. Hei ai chuan, Hmeichhiate, politics huanga hnarkaitu ni ve thei ngei turin kan inchher hriam a pawimawhin hmeichhiate hian an mahni an inenfiah hmasak a tul. India ram hmeichhiate halhluma rapbet thin ramah hian politics kalphung chu hmeichhiate kuta awm deuh thaw thin a ni. Indira Gandhi (L), Sonia Gandhi, Jaya Lalitha, Mamta Banerjee etc te’n India politics an kawih her theih zia kan hre vek mai. Hetiang bawk hian kan Mizo hmeichhiate pawh hian tumna (will) an neih phawt chuan, Mizoram politics hi an thlak danglam thei ngei ang. Tunlai Mizoram politics kalphung hi mipui te’n thlak danglam tul ni a ngai, an pun mek lai hian kan ram kalphung chu a danglam tak tak thei si lo. Hetah tak mai hian, kan Mizo hmeichhiate hi ram rorel khawlah han lut ve chhin sela, kan kalphung hi danglam zawk ngeiin a rinawm. Kan hmeichhiate pawhin, pawl hruaitu (YMA, Village Council, KTP, TKP) abikin President nihna angte phei hi chu an tih turah an ngai lo hial thin hi an inenfiahna tur a ni. He mi tlin thei ngei turin kan Mizo hmeichhiate hi an inchher hriam tan a hun ta hle. Tin, intluktlanna kan tih lehlam chiahah hian “MAWHPHURNA” a awm ve tih ka hriat a tul. Hetih lai hian, kan Mizo hmeichhiate hian kawng engkimah mipate mawhphurna lak ang erawh anla ngam ve ngei tur a ni.
Tin, kan khawthlang pawl leh kohhranah te pawh hmechhe chanvo hi kan ngaihpawimawh ve ngei a tul ta hle. Sakhuana lamah Kohhran leh pawl thenkhatah (Salvation Army-te leh Pu Chana pawl etc) chuan hmeichhia te’n chanvo pawimawh tak tak an nei thin a. Mizoram Kohhran lian ber pahnih; Baptist leh Presbytarian-ah te erawh chanvo anla nei nep hle. Pastor (BD) zir tur chuan hmeichhia leh Mipa lak thin a ni. Amaherawhchu, kohhran lian pahnihte hian Pastor turin hmeichhia an nei thei lo ve ve rih a. Mizo zinga hmeichhe pakhat chuan “rawngbawl duhna tak tak rilru puin Pathian thu kan zir a, theihtawpin kan bei ve thin a, kan zirlai a kan thian mipa thenkhat kei ni aia ti thei vak lo zawk leh thurawn kan pek fo thin te, Kohhran rawngbawl tura ordination pek an han nih meuh hi chuan rilru a na duh khawp mai”a ti hial a ni. Kohhran rorel khawlah pawh hmeichhiate an tel meuh lova, Baptist Church of Mizoram Assemble-ah chuan, Kohhran hmeichhe pawl atangin member pakhat emaw chauhte telve phal sak an ni. Hmeichhia hian an tlin anih phawt chuan an telve phalsak hi a finthlak zawk ngei ang. Kan hmeichhiate hi pastor-ah te, Kohhran Upa-ah te, Rawngbawltu-ah te dah ve tawh ila, mipa an phak lohna tur a awm hauh lo. Tunlaia kan Mizo hmeichhiate kalphung en hian Mizo hmeichhiate hian an tlin hle tawh zawkin a rinawm. Kawng zau zawk kan hawn sak phal lo mai chauh a ni.
Awle, khawvel ram changkang apiangah hmeichhiate thawm a ring thin. Keini pawh, hma kan sawn zel anga, kan duh emaw duhlo emaw feminism hi alo lut tho tho dawn. Hmeichhia chauh ni lo, kan zoram pum khawtlang hmasawnna atan, zir chiang sela, tan la sauh sauh rawh se. Hetih rual hian feminism tih hi mipa hrim hrim do na tur hmanrua tur a ni lo tih kan hriat nawn fo a pawimawh. Khawtlangah hmeichhia leh mipa inkungkaihna a thil tha thlentu hmanruaah i hmang mawlh teh ang u.
Lehkha rawnte or References:
1. Amar Kumar Singh & C. Rajyalakshmi; “Status of Tribal Women in India”, in Amar Kumar Singh & C. Rajyalakshmi: Status of Tribal Women in India. Social Change, Dec. 1993. 23(4).
2. Amartya Sen; Many Faces of Gender Inequality, Frontline, Vol-18, Issue-22, Oct27-Nov 9, 2001.
3. Anne Phillips (ed); Feminism and Equality, New York Univ. Press, 1987.
4. Barbara L Marshall; Engendering Modernity: Feminism, Social Theory, and Social Change, Northeastern Univ. Press, 1994.
5. Carroll A. Bernice (Ed); Liberating Women’s History, Oxford University Press, 1976.
6. Diana Tietjens Meyers (ed); Feminist Social Thought: A Reader, Routledge, 1997.
7. Estelle B. Freedman; No Turning Back: The History of Feminism and the Future of Women, New York: Ballantine Books, 2002.
8. F. Carolyn Graglia, Domestic Tranquility, A Brief Against Feminism, Spence Publishing Company, Dallas, 1998.
9. Gerda Lerner; The Creation of Patriarchy, (Oxford, 1986).
10. ;The Creation of Feminist Consciousness: From the Middle Ages to 1870 A.D. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
11. ___________; Why History Matters New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
12. Gayle Binion; “Human Rights: A Feminist Perspective” in Human Rights Quarterly 17.3, 1995.
13. Hans Peter Dreitzel,(ed); Family, Marriage, and the Struggle of the Sexes, New York: The Macmillan Co., 1972.
14. Hluna, JV; “Role of women in the Politics of Mizoram” 3rd Annual Magazines 2001-2002, T. Romana College, Malsawm Publication, Aizawl, Mizoram.
15. Jenny Chapman; Politics, Feminism and the Reformation of Gender, Routledge, 1993.
16. Jo Freeman; “Political oragnisation in the Feminist Movement” Presented as a paper at the 1974 annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, and published in Acta Sociologica, Vol. 18, No. 2-3, 1975.
17. J. Barbara Nelson & Najma Chowdhury; Women and Politics Worldwide, New Heaven and London, Yale Univ Press, 1994.
18. Joan Wallach Scott (ed); Feminism And History, Oxford University Press, 1996.
19. Linda Chhakchhuak; Women of God Want A Place in Church, Janmanch.
20. Mizo Women Today; Tribal Research Institute, Aizawl, Mizoram, 1991.
21. N.Chatterjee; Position and Status of Women in the Earlier Mizo Society, TRI, Aizawl, 1975.
22. Parry, N.E; A Monograph on Lushai Customs and Ceremonies, R.I. Khasi offset Printers on behalf of T.R.I, Aizawl Mizoram, 1988. (First edition, 1928).
23. R. L. Hnuni; "Feminist Theology", "History, Meaning and Concem", in R.L Hnuni, (ed); Transforming Theology for Empowering Women, Jorhat: Women's Studies, Eastem Theological College, 1996.
24. Ruth Rosen; The World Split Open: How the Modern Women's Movement Changed America, New York: Penguin, 2000.
25. Ruatfela Nu; “Engvanginnge Mizo Hmeichhiate tihchak an tul?”, The Aizawl Post, 25th February 2005.
26. Remsangpuii Nu (Buangi Sailo); Mizo Nunhlui leh Tunlai, Aizawl, 2001.
27. Sangkima; Women and politics in Mizoram’, in proceedings of N.E.I.H.A, 19th Session, Nagaland University, Kohima, 1999.
28. Sheila Tobias; Faces of Feminism: An Activist's Reflections on the Women's Movement, 1997.
29. Sandra Harding (ed); Feminism and Methodology, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1986.
30. Shulamit Reinharz; Feminist Method in Social Research, Oxford University Press, 1992.
31. Sheila Rowbotham; Hidden From History, New York, 1974.
32. Sushila Singh; Feminism: Theory, Criticism, Analysis, Pencraft International, Delhi, 1997.
33. Sumi Krishna; Gender Analysis: Case Study of Mizoram, - CASE STUDY OF GENDER DIMENTIONS IN BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT, INDIA. (Report Submitted to FAO Regional office For ASIA and The Pacific, Bangkok, THAILAND. June 1997.
34. Walter Fernandes & Barbora Sanjay; Modernisation and Women’s Status in North Eastern India, N.E.S.R.C Guwahati, 2002.
35. T. Sarker & Butalia U. (ed.); Women & Right-Wing Movements (Indian Experience), Zed Books Ltd., London and New Jersey, 1995.
36. T.C Zonunsanga; Mizo Mipate U……., YMA Chanchinbu, August, 2004.
37. VIRGINIUS XAXA; “Women and Gender in the Study of Tribes in India”, Indian Journal of Gender Studies, Vol.11, No.3, Sage Publications New Delhi/Thousand Oaks/London, 2004.
Web-site:
38. www. nationmastar.com, Encyclopedia: Feminism.
39. Non Governmental organisation, Mizo Hmeichhe Insuikhawm Pawl,.www. Mizoram.com,
40. Laldena, “Status of Mizo Women”, www.manipuronline.com, Feb 8, 2003. The Sangai Express, 2003.
41. Judith Lewis; “The Men Behind the Women; or, The Origin of Feminism” http://www.thelewisgroup.net/, February 28th, 2006.
42. Sukhendu Bhattacharya; “Women at a disadvantage in Mizoram”, http://www.rediff.com/, November 15, 2003.
43. http://www.marxists.org/glossary/terms/f/e.htm-Encyclopedia of Marxism: Glossary of Terms.
44. http://feminist.org/
45. http://www.cawinfo.org/
46. http://now.org/
47. http://www.yourquotations.net/Feminism.html
48. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-topics
49. http://www.users.bigpond.com/sarcasmo/femo.html
172 comments:
Post a Comment